Chapter 3 TOP TENS

Wolf Pack
Freud:
Developed Oedipus and Electra
Developed Psychosexual Stages- 0-6 (mailnly)
A Physician and Neurologist
Developed the three components of personality : Id, Ego, Superego
Developed idea of fixation
Theory stating personality development confined to early years
First person to develop major theory of personality
Performed his research in the late 1800s
Interested in unconcious, preconscious, amd conscious
Erikson was a student of Freud who did not agree with many of his theories

The Aquarian Exposition
Erickson
8 stages of psychosocial development
adolescence study
explains development from birth to death
identity constant challenge throught life ***think of how your "I AM statements may change****
self identity and different things
Epigenetic principle
worked with Freud
first child psychoanalyst in Boston
Invented modern psychohistory

LDR
Bandura
Social Learning Theory - critical in the development of personality becuase of the principle of observational learning.

Believed that people can process information to actively influence how the environment controls them

Self-efficacy is a person's belief about his or her abilty to perform behaviors that lead to expected outcomes

Assumed that learning can occur by observing others without direct involvement in the learning experience.

Bandura thinks children develop aggressive tendencies based on what kind of social role models they are exposed to.

Labeled reciprocal determinism- that the world and a person’s behavior cause each other.

Cognitive behaviorist- attempts to understand the way people think and their influence on the environment.

Used the bobo doll experiment to see how children imitate aggressive behavior of role models.

Jackson Four
Piaget
Trained as biologist before psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Published 1st scholarly work age 10
Developed intelligence tests
Critical components of theory of cognitive development are adaptation and organization
Built his career on studying relationship between how we learn and how we develop
Developed his theory by obser5ving his own children.
His work helps us understand limitations in the abilities of children
Individuals go through a series of mental stages: sensorimotor period (birth-2), concrete operations period (7-11), the formal operational period (11-above).
His theory needs to be taken in to account when trying to explain complex issues to children (such as 9/11).

Happy Feet
Skinner
Assumed that all behavior is determined by contingent enforcement processes in the person’s environment.
Theory of learning ignored the importance of mental and emotional processes.
Supports reinforcement- anything that follows a behavior and increases the likely hood of that behavior.
Second concept in operant conditioning is punishment- anything that follows a behavior and decreases the likely hood of that behavior.
Operant Conditioning- A form of learning that occurs when responses are controlled by their consequences.
Operant learning processes contribute to how behavior is acquired: negative reinforcement and extinction.
Negative reinforcement- when a behavior increases because it is followed by the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus.
Extinction- when a conditioned response that was previously reinforced stops producing positive consequences.
Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning provides an understanding of how learning takes place.
Says our behavior can be influenced by the positive and negative consequences we experience in our life.

Two Hispanics and a White Girl
Guilt and Shame
Connection between emotion and psychopathology
Still being studied
Shame prone personalities are more likely to blame others than themselves for negative events.
Guilt prone personalities are much more likely to accept responsibility for negative outcomes and interpersonal relationships and less likely to become angry than shame prone individuals.
They are often used interchangeably.
Guilt saw as resulting from conflict btw ego and super ego.
Shame came from conflict between ego and ego ideal.
Shame; a large family of emotions that includes embarrassment, humiliation and related feelings such as; shyness that involves reactions to rejection or feelings of failure or inadequacy.
Shame occurred as a consequence of public disapproval.
Guilt occurred as more of a private experience of personal conscience.